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Showing 155 results for Type of Study: Research
Pedram Nourizadeh Tehrani, Mobarakeh Alipanah Dolatabad, Rajabali Daroudi,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (3-2024)
Volume 6, Issue 4 (3-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: Various medications for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been introduced in outpatient and inpatient wards. Three of the referees are Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid), Molnupiravir and Fluvoxamine. The aim of this study was to investigate the cost-effectiveness of these drugs in treatment of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 in Iran.
Methods: The present study was an economic evaluation study with the aim of investigating the cost-effectiveness of drugs. A two-part decision analysis model of decision tree model and Markov model was used to investigate cost-effectiveness. The study parameters included hospitalization, death rate, drugs, quality of life and treatment costs in 2012.
Results: The results showed that standard treatment had higher cost and lower average outcome (QALY) compared to the average fluvoxamine. Molnopyravir had a higher average cost (202.205.422 vs. 155.243.881) and lower QALY (4.352 vs. 4.363). The average cost of Paxlovid was higher (133.712.604 Rials vs. 3.328.029) and the average QALY (0.969 vs. 0.966). The cost-effectiveness ratio of pexelloids compared with fluvoxamine was 302.781.040.50 Rials. If the cost of the course of treatment with pexelloids is less than 2.108.425 Rials, this drug will be cost-effective.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that the use of paxlovid and molnopyravir in the treatment of COVID-19 patients in the mild to moderate stage who are at high risk for disease progression is not cost-effective at current prices. In the case of fluvoxamine, although the drug is cost-effective based on the available evidence, there is a lot of uncertainty about its effectiveness.
Methods: The present study was an economic evaluation study with the aim of investigating the cost-effectiveness of drugs. A two-part decision analysis model of decision tree model and Markov model was used to investigate cost-effectiveness. The study parameters included hospitalization, death rate, drugs, quality of life and treatment costs in 2012.
Results: The results showed that standard treatment had higher cost and lower average outcome (QALY) compared to the average fluvoxamine. Molnopyravir had a higher average cost (202.205.422 vs. 155.243.881) and lower QALY (4.352 vs. 4.363). The average cost of Paxlovid was higher (133.712.604 Rials vs. 3.328.029) and the average QALY (0.969 vs. 0.966). The cost-effectiveness ratio of pexelloids compared with fluvoxamine was 302.781.040.50 Rials. If the cost of the course of treatment with pexelloids is less than 2.108.425 Rials, this drug will be cost-effective.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that the use of paxlovid and molnopyravir in the treatment of COVID-19 patients in the mild to moderate stage who are at high risk for disease progression is not cost-effective at current prices. In the case of fluvoxamine, although the drug is cost-effective based on the available evidence, there is a lot of uncertainty about its effectiveness.
Rohollah Esmaeili, Mohammad Hasan Maleki, Reza Gholami Jamkarani, Azadeh Maddahi,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (3-2024)
Volume 6, Issue 4 (3-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: The current study seeks to identify drivers and future scenarios of corporate governance in health companies.
Methods: The current research is practical in terms of orientation and its methodology is mixed. The theoretical community of the research are active experts in the capital market and corporate governance. The sampling method was done in a judgmental manner according to the expertise. The number of samples was equal to 10 people. The drivers of the research were obtained through literature review and interviews with experts. Screening and prioritization of drivers was done using two questionnaires, expert assessment and prioritization. These questionnaires were analyzed with two methods, fuzzy Delphi and Marcus.
Results: 24 drivers were obtained through literature review and 7 drivers were obtained through interviews with experts. Among the drivers of the research, 10 drivers had a diffusion number higher than 0.7 and were selected for the final ranking. The degree of priority of drivers screened with Marcus and considering three indicators of experts' expertise, severity of importance and degree of certainty was determined. The drivers, policies of governments regarding economic corruption and monitoring regulations of the TSE were respectively the most important drivers and were used to formulate research scenarios. To strengthen the research scenarios, the components of the root definition tool were used. The scenarios were: glass room, weak mechanisms, scattered world and dark room.
Conclusion: The practical proposals of the research were presented according to the ideal scenario (glass room). In this context, suggestions such as improving the organizational culture, strengthening the administrative organization, developing decision support systems for ranking health companies and continuously revising the corporate governance rules according to the necessities of business will help to improve corporate governance in the long term.
Methods: The current research is practical in terms of orientation and its methodology is mixed. The theoretical community of the research are active experts in the capital market and corporate governance. The sampling method was done in a judgmental manner according to the expertise. The number of samples was equal to 10 people. The drivers of the research were obtained through literature review and interviews with experts. Screening and prioritization of drivers was done using two questionnaires, expert assessment and prioritization. These questionnaires were analyzed with two methods, fuzzy Delphi and Marcus.
Results: 24 drivers were obtained through literature review and 7 drivers were obtained through interviews with experts. Among the drivers of the research, 10 drivers had a diffusion number higher than 0.7 and were selected for the final ranking. The degree of priority of drivers screened with Marcus and considering three indicators of experts' expertise, severity of importance and degree of certainty was determined. The drivers, policies of governments regarding economic corruption and monitoring regulations of the TSE were respectively the most important drivers and were used to formulate research scenarios. To strengthen the research scenarios, the components of the root definition tool were used. The scenarios were: glass room, weak mechanisms, scattered world and dark room.
Conclusion: The practical proposals of the research were presented according to the ideal scenario (glass room). In this context, suggestions such as improving the organizational culture, strengthening the administrative organization, developing decision support systems for ranking health companies and continuously revising the corporate governance rules according to the necessities of business will help to improve corporate governance in the long term.
Sepideh Mirmajidi, Davood Mehrabi, Irvan Masoudi Asl,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (3-2024)
Volume 6, Issue 4 (3-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: The implementation of the electronic health system on a global scale continues to face various challenges, including legal challenges, after two decades. This research aims to identify the legal principles governing the regulation of the Electronic Health System's Stakeholders Communication in Iran, with emphasis on service providers.
Methods: This qualitative research was conducted using thematic analysis method. Data collected in interviews with 27 experts. Interviewees were selected based on their familiarity with the electronic health system, expertise in legal issues related to it, and communication within this system. Data were analyzed using MAXQDA version 20 software.
Results: Data thematic analysis led to the identification of four global themes and ten organizing themes. Legal challenges of the electronic health system and the legal principles governing the regulation of stakeholders' communication are two organizing themes discussed in this article.
Conclusion: Managing conflict of interest, redesigning the architecture of the electronic health system, mandating contracts for physicians with basic and complementary insurances, and utilizing the potential capacities and capabilities of private sector are among the recommendations of this research.
Methods: This qualitative research was conducted using thematic analysis method. Data collected in interviews with 27 experts. Interviewees were selected based on their familiarity with the electronic health system, expertise in legal issues related to it, and communication within this system. Data were analyzed using MAXQDA version 20 software.
Results: Data thematic analysis led to the identification of four global themes and ten organizing themes. Legal challenges of the electronic health system and the legal principles governing the regulation of stakeholders' communication are two organizing themes discussed in this article.
Conclusion: Managing conflict of interest, redesigning the architecture of the electronic health system, mandating contracts for physicians with basic and complementary insurances, and utilizing the potential capacities and capabilities of private sector are among the recommendations of this research.
Nasim Nabipour Jafarabad, Ali Maher, Amin Ghasem Begloo, Ali Fakhr-Movahedi,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (3-2024)
Volume 6, Issue 4 (3-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: The rapid growth of technology, demographic changes, increasing patients’ demand, and changes in the nature of diseases, increased competition among hospitals and healthcare providers, and constraints in budget allocation necessitate adopting a novel approach to the management of medical centers based on international standards.
Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in two stages by a content analysis approach in the year 2022 in teaching hospitals affiliated with the Islamic Azad University nationwide. The statistical population in the first stage included all studies addressing various aspects of the factors affecting the optimal management of hospitals. In the second stage, it included 10 executive managers of hospitals purposively selected as experts until reaching data saturation. The validity and reliability of the interviews were confirmed using the Lincoln and Guba methods. The data analysis method involved a comprehensive review of studies to identify factors affecting the optimal management of hospitals and a contractual content analysis to identify, analyze, and report themes.
Results: In the first stage, a comprehensive review of studies was conducted, encompassing a total of 96 research papers, including 36 in Persian and 60 in English. Following the examination of the titles and abstracts of these research papers and aligning them with the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 18 studies were selected for final analysis, comprising 11 in Persian and 7 in English. After identifying the factors affecting the optimal management of hospitals, three main dimensions were extracted, including strategic planning (12 components), reengineering (8 components), and supply chain engineering (14 components) for the optimal management of hospitals affiliated with the Islamic Azad University using the content analysis method.
Conclusion: Managers should implement each of the identified components of strategic planning, reengineering, and supply chain engineering for the optimal management of hospitals in line with the hospitals’ structure. By examining the excellence and efficiency of hospitals over time, as well as evaluating the trends of each of them, they should take steps towards adopting reform policies and their experiences should be utilized in other hospitals.
Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in two stages by a content analysis approach in the year 2022 in teaching hospitals affiliated with the Islamic Azad University nationwide. The statistical population in the first stage included all studies addressing various aspects of the factors affecting the optimal management of hospitals. In the second stage, it included 10 executive managers of hospitals purposively selected as experts until reaching data saturation. The validity and reliability of the interviews were confirmed using the Lincoln and Guba methods. The data analysis method involved a comprehensive review of studies to identify factors affecting the optimal management of hospitals and a contractual content analysis to identify, analyze, and report themes.
Results: In the first stage, a comprehensive review of studies was conducted, encompassing a total of 96 research papers, including 36 in Persian and 60 in English. Following the examination of the titles and abstracts of these research papers and aligning them with the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 18 studies were selected for final analysis, comprising 11 in Persian and 7 in English. After identifying the factors affecting the optimal management of hospitals, three main dimensions were extracted, including strategic planning (12 components), reengineering (8 components), and supply chain engineering (14 components) for the optimal management of hospitals affiliated with the Islamic Azad University using the content analysis method.
Conclusion: Managers should implement each of the identified components of strategic planning, reengineering, and supply chain engineering for the optimal management of hospitals in line with the hospitals’ structure. By examining the excellence and efficiency of hospitals over time, as well as evaluating the trends of each of them, they should take steps towards adopting reform policies and their experiences should be utilized in other hospitals.
Mansour Askary, Mostafa Rajabi, Sharam Tofighi, Maryam Sharifdoust, Bahar Hafezi,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (6-2024)
Volume 7, Issue 1 (6-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: Relying on out-of-pocket payments for health care services increases the financial burden and back-breaking costs of medical services for families. It results in poverty. Considering the necessity of sustainable medical insurance for informal jobs, the present study evaluated the willingness to pay medical insurance for informal jobs in Isfahan province for two groups of informal jobs in income deciles one to three and deciles four to six.
Methods: In this study, the conditional valuation method (CVM) was used to estimate the willingness to pay. The maximum willingness to pay is equal to the compensatory interest, that is, the decrease in income that maintains the initial level of the respondent's utility if insurance coverage is provided. In this research, library and field methods were used to collect data, and since the dependent variable (willingness to pay) was ranked, the econometric methods of ordered probit and Tobit were used to estimate the model.
Results: The results showed that in both groups of income deciles, the variable of education level has no significant effect on the willingness to pay, but other variables such as age, average household income, age and average medical expenses have an effect on the willingness to pay. The effect of changing household size was also negative. In the following, the practical suggestions obtained from the results were presented.
Methods: In this study, the conditional valuation method (CVM) was used to estimate the willingness to pay. The maximum willingness to pay is equal to the compensatory interest, that is, the decrease in income that maintains the initial level of the respondent's utility if insurance coverage is provided. In this research, library and field methods were used to collect data, and since the dependent variable (willingness to pay) was ranked, the econometric methods of ordered probit and Tobit were used to estimate the model.
Results: The results showed that in both groups of income deciles, the variable of education level has no significant effect on the willingness to pay, but other variables such as age, average household income, age and average medical expenses have an effect on the willingness to pay. The effect of changing household size was also negative. In the following, the practical suggestions obtained from the results were presented.
Efat Mohamadi, Ahad Bakhtiari, Mohammad Mehdi Nasehi, Mohammad Effatpanah, Mehdi Rezaei, Zahra Shahali, Amirhossein Takian, Alireza Olyaeemanesh,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (6-2024)
Volume 7, Issue 1 (6-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: The performance evaluation of the Iranian Health Insurance Organization (IHIO), considering the responsibilities, objectives, and duties outlined in the higher-level documents and laws, is an important issue that has received less attention. Given the importance of systematic monitoring and evaluation to facilitate planning based on overarching domestic policies, it is necessary to adopt a suitable approach to monitor programs and policies and to respond to higher-level authorities to fulfill assigned tasks. The present study aims to identify performance indicators for IHIO based on the analysis of relevant higher-level documents and laws.
Methods: This study was conducted qualitatively and based on content analysis of documents, policies, and executive activities related to monitoring the performance of IHIO, from the year the Universal Health Insurance Law of the country was passed (1373) until 1402, in the year 1402 (Solar Hijri calendar, equivalent to 2023/2024 Gregorian calendar). The Scott method was used to examine the validity of the documents, and qualitative content analysis and the deductive approach were employed to analyze the data.
Results: Nine policies related to monitoring the performance of the IHIO were identified, with 11 themes and total of 188-indicators identified as follows: Population indicators (8 indicators), National Health Accounts (NHA) (13-indicators), Covered population (25-indicators), Covered health services (19-indicators), Covered costs/financial participation status (11-indicators), Organization’s financial resources (26-indicators), Contracted centers (11-indicators), Cost trends, cost burden, and visit burden (23-indicators), Monitoring indicators (11-indicators), Operational efficiency of the organization (30-indicators), Access to services and health outcomes (11-indicators).
Conclusion: In order to conduct a thorough and comprehensive evaluation of the Iranian Health Insurance Organization's performance, which aims to enhance transparency and public trust in the organization, it is imperative to take into account a diverse range of indicators that encompass all operational and performance aspects of a health insurance entity. Additionally, national macro indicators, including population metrics and national health accounts, play a crucial role in this process. Failing to consider these indicators may lead to challenges and biases when assessing the organization's performance.
Methods: This study was conducted qualitatively and based on content analysis of documents, policies, and executive activities related to monitoring the performance of IHIO, from the year the Universal Health Insurance Law of the country was passed (1373) until 1402, in the year 1402 (Solar Hijri calendar, equivalent to 2023/2024 Gregorian calendar). The Scott method was used to examine the validity of the documents, and qualitative content analysis and the deductive approach were employed to analyze the data.
Results: Nine policies related to monitoring the performance of the IHIO were identified, with 11 themes and total of 188-indicators identified as follows: Population indicators (8 indicators), National Health Accounts (NHA) (13-indicators), Covered population (25-indicators), Covered health services (19-indicators), Covered costs/financial participation status (11-indicators), Organization’s financial resources (26-indicators), Contracted centers (11-indicators), Cost trends, cost burden, and visit burden (23-indicators), Monitoring indicators (11-indicators), Operational efficiency of the organization (30-indicators), Access to services and health outcomes (11-indicators).
Conclusion: In order to conduct a thorough and comprehensive evaluation of the Iranian Health Insurance Organization's performance, which aims to enhance transparency and public trust in the organization, it is imperative to take into account a diverse range of indicators that encompass all operational and performance aspects of a health insurance entity. Additionally, national macro indicators, including population metrics and national health accounts, play a crucial role in this process. Failing to consider these indicators may lead to challenges and biases when assessing the organization's performance.
Amir Hallaji, Saleh Ghavidel Doostkouei, Masood Soufi Majidpour, Aliabbas Heydari,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (6-2024)
Volume 7, Issue 1 (6-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: Increasing spending on social security resources is one of the country's economic challenges. Since the population structure and its dynamics in any country is considered the axis and center of economic and social planning, on the other hand, this increase in population requires the assurance of prosperity and peace in the future. Therefore, planning and predicting the impact of demographic changes on the resources and expenses of the social security organization until 2050 is of great importance.
Methods: In this research, the estimation of the population based on age groups using the cohort method has been done until 2050, and then the demand and supply of labor in four different scenarios has been predicted until 2050. Using the average ratio of insured persons to employed persons, the number of insured persons has been predicted until 2050. To determine the number of pensioners, the ratio of pensioners to the number of people over 60 years of age is used, and by maintaining the stability of this relationship, the number of pensioners has been estimated until 2050.
Results: One of the scenarios, which is highly likely to happen, shows that since 2035, the gap between the cost and income of the social security organization will increase. Another scenario determines the mentioned year 2040 as an important time for this gap. The results of this research show that by 2050, the expenses of the social security organization will exceed its resources by about 14,016 thousand billion tomans.
Conclusion: The trend of social security organization's resources and expenses, based on a realistic scenario, which is more likely than other scenarios, shows that until 1415, the social security organization's resources are more than its expenses and there is a surplus. In 2035, resources and expenses are equal and there is no deficit. From 2035 onwards, the gap between resources and expenses is increasing in favor of expenses.
Methods: In this research, the estimation of the population based on age groups using the cohort method has been done until 2050, and then the demand and supply of labor in four different scenarios has been predicted until 2050. Using the average ratio of insured persons to employed persons, the number of insured persons has been predicted until 2050. To determine the number of pensioners, the ratio of pensioners to the number of people over 60 years of age is used, and by maintaining the stability of this relationship, the number of pensioners has been estimated until 2050.
Results: One of the scenarios, which is highly likely to happen, shows that since 2035, the gap between the cost and income of the social security organization will increase. Another scenario determines the mentioned year 2040 as an important time for this gap. The results of this research show that by 2050, the expenses of the social security organization will exceed its resources by about 14,016 thousand billion tomans.
Conclusion: The trend of social security organization's resources and expenses, based on a realistic scenario, which is more likely than other scenarios, shows that until 1415, the social security organization's resources are more than its expenses and there is a surplus. In 2035, resources and expenses are equal and there is no deficit. From 2035 onwards, the gap between resources and expenses is increasing in favor of expenses.
Amir Hossein Habibian, Amir Houshang Tajfar, Mohammadreza Jamali,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (6-2024)
Volume 7, Issue 1 (6-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: Nowadays, most organizations deal with a tremendous volume of data. The Iran Health Insurance Organization, with a significant financial turnover, has utilized 60 information dashboards since 2017 to enhance the management of medical costs through business intelligence technologies. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the level of satisfaction and applicability of business intelligence (BI) in Iran's health insurance organization.
Methods: A descriptive-analytical and applied cross-sectional study conducted in 2023 involved a population of 401 participants. The study population consists of 401 people, which consists of the questionnaire data collection tool developed by the researcher. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire was checked and confirmed. 311 people completed the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics including mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis coefficients were used to describe the data, and T-tests and analysis of variance were used in the statistical inference to analyze data.
Results: 65.9% of male respondents, people with experience more than 25 years, the most (27.7%) and people with experience less than 5 years, the least (2.6%) group. Official employees accounted for the largest group of respondents with 73.6%. The highest satisfaction is found in the variable "improvement in decision-making through dashboards" with an average of 3.71 (74.1% satisfaction rate), while the lowest satisfaction is related to the variable "data content of the dashboards" with an average of 3.58 (63.2% satisfaction rate). The average satisfaction in total is 3.64 (satisfaction rate 72.8%).
Conclusion: New technologies, especially business intelligence technologies, can help organizations effectively.
Methods: A descriptive-analytical and applied cross-sectional study conducted in 2023 involved a population of 401 participants. The study population consists of 401 people, which consists of the questionnaire data collection tool developed by the researcher. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire was checked and confirmed. 311 people completed the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics including mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis coefficients were used to describe the data, and T-tests and analysis of variance were used in the statistical inference to analyze data.
Results: 65.9% of male respondents, people with experience more than 25 years, the most (27.7%) and people with experience less than 5 years, the least (2.6%) group. Official employees accounted for the largest group of respondents with 73.6%. The highest satisfaction is found in the variable "improvement in decision-making through dashboards" with an average of 3.71 (74.1% satisfaction rate), while the lowest satisfaction is related to the variable "data content of the dashboards" with an average of 3.58 (63.2% satisfaction rate). The average satisfaction in total is 3.64 (satisfaction rate 72.8%).
Conclusion: New technologies, especially business intelligence technologies, can help organizations effectively.
Maryam Yaghoubi, Mohammad Meskarpou-Amiri,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (6-2024)
Volume 7, Issue 1 (6-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: The number of scientific publications is the most important quantitative indicator of the development and progress of any country. The purpose of this study is to investigate the growth trend of scientific productions in the field of health insurance in Iran and the world during the last two decades.
Methods: The present study was a quantitative and applied study with a scientometric approach. Certain criteria were considered for extracting articles in the Scopus database, which included: publication date (2000-2024), scientific originality of the findings (originality of the article), the presence of the main keywords of health insurance in the title or keyword of the article. In order to describe the publication status of health insurance articles, dispersion indices and trend analysis were used in Excel 2017 software.
Results: Scientific publications in the field of health insurance follow an upward trend as a polynomial function with degree 2 (R2=0.96). The United States published 46% of articles in the field of health insurance, with a significant difference compared to other countries. After that, Germany with 5% and England with 3% contributed the most in publishing articles. In terms of the number of articles, Iran was ranked 201st.
Conclusion: Universal coverage of health insurance in Iran provides a good capacity for the dissemination of experiences in this field in Iran, with detailed planning and existing scientific capacities, the dissemination of experiences related to the issue of health insurance will be promoted.
Methods: The present study was a quantitative and applied study with a scientometric approach. Certain criteria were considered for extracting articles in the Scopus database, which included: publication date (2000-2024), scientific originality of the findings (originality of the article), the presence of the main keywords of health insurance in the title or keyword of the article. In order to describe the publication status of health insurance articles, dispersion indices and trend analysis were used in Excel 2017 software.
Results: Scientific publications in the field of health insurance follow an upward trend as a polynomial function with degree 2 (R2=0.96). The United States published 46% of articles in the field of health insurance, with a significant difference compared to other countries. After that, Germany with 5% and England with 3% contributed the most in publishing articles. In terms of the number of articles, Iran was ranked 201st.
Conclusion: Universal coverage of health insurance in Iran provides a good capacity for the dissemination of experiences in this field in Iran, with detailed planning and existing scientific capacities, the dissemination of experiences related to the issue of health insurance will be promoted.
Zainab Bani Saeed, Abbas Yazdanpanah,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (6-2024)
Volume 7, Issue 1 (6-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: Electronic prescribing has been implemented in many countries, with its first application in outpatient care. In Iran, electronic prescribing has been seriously implemented for two years now, and while it has been successful in some regions, it has also faced challenges. Identifying these challenges and determining their causes can not only help address the problems faced by physicians but also significantly contribute to the improvement of the electronic prescribing program. The present study aimed to investigate the challenges faced by physicians in electronic prescribing in Ahvaz County in 2024.
Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in Ahvaz County, Khuzestan Province, Iran, in 2024, with a population of physicians. Participants were 33 individuals selected using a purposive sampling method. Data collection methods included semi-structured interviews with physicians, field notes, and recording reminders based on the principle of data saturation.
Results: The data analysis process yielded four main themes (inconsistencies in drug coding, lack of security in electronic prescription systems, lack of legal regulations and non-acceptance of electronic prescribing by physicians) and 11 categories (inconsistency of some codes, duplicate codes, differences in the type of registration of a drug, absence of some codes for some drugs, lack of coordination between insurers, factors related to insurance organizations, inconsistency of patient information) and 21 subcategories.
Conclusion: Physicians face numerous challenges due to various reasons, such as inconsistencies in insurance systems in drug coding, the use of different prescriptions by insurance organizations, the lack of integration between insurance and pharmacy systems, frequent internet outages, lack of coordination between pharmacies and physicians, excessive or incorrect drug dispensing by some pharmacies. Addressing these challenges can pave the way for the success of the electronic prescribing program in Ahvaz.
Shahram Tofighi, Jahanara Mamikhani, Sedigheh Khadem, Mohammad Effatpanah, Mohammadjavad Kabir, Mehdi Rezaee,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (9-2024)
Volume 7, Issue 2 (9-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: The burden of psychological disorders and its financial burden has increased in the world and in Iran. Usually, these patients need financial support to improve their mental health. Sometimes basic insurance organizations hesitate to include psychological counseling services in the insurance package. The assistance of the Welfare Organization and the Ministry of Health is not enough.
Methods: It is a descriptive study with financial calculations. Using the data of the Iranian Statistics Center, demographic information until 2031 and using the data of the mental health survey reports of the Ministry of Health in 2011 and 2021, the annual growth for the 90s was calculated. Then, with the discount formula, the growth of prevalence of disorders, different severity of disorders, the number of referrals to different centers, the number of referrals was estimated up to 2031. Assuming an annual tariff growth rate of 20%; The insurer's share is 30%, 50%, and 70%; 50% and 10% annual growth in the number of clients after providing insurance coverage, the estimate was completed
Results: The financial burden of insurance organizations for psychological counseling was estimated from 708.2 million tomans (insurance share 30% in 2024, fixed rate of clients) to 23,534 million tomans (insurance share 70%, annual growth of 10% clients in 2031).
Conclusion: Psychological counseling is both necessary and cost-effective to be covered by insurance organizations. By developing a right service package, psychological counseling can be covered according to the severity of the disorder, the location of the service provision, and the different shahres of the insurance organizations. It would be wise that some disorders, considered important, be covered by basic insurance organizations, for other cases supplementary insurance along with other supportive and welfare services such as subsidies would be rational.
Methods: It is a descriptive study with financial calculations. Using the data of the Iranian Statistics Center, demographic information until 2031 and using the data of the mental health survey reports of the Ministry of Health in 2011 and 2021, the annual growth for the 90s was calculated. Then, with the discount formula, the growth of prevalence of disorders, different severity of disorders, the number of referrals to different centers, the number of referrals was estimated up to 2031. Assuming an annual tariff growth rate of 20%; The insurer's share is 30%, 50%, and 70%; 50% and 10% annual growth in the number of clients after providing insurance coverage, the estimate was completed
Results: The financial burden of insurance organizations for psychological counseling was estimated from 708.2 million tomans (insurance share 30% in 2024, fixed rate of clients) to 23,534 million tomans (insurance share 70%, annual growth of 10% clients in 2031).
Conclusion: Psychological counseling is both necessary and cost-effective to be covered by insurance organizations. By developing a right service package, psychological counseling can be covered according to the severity of the disorder, the location of the service provision, and the different shahres of the insurance organizations. It would be wise that some disorders, considered important, be covered by basic insurance organizations, for other cases supplementary insurance along with other supportive and welfare services such as subsidies would be rational.
Leila Izadi, Shaban Elahi, Alireza Hassanzadeh, Sanaz Shafiee,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (9-2024)
Volume 7, Issue 2 (9-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: Health insurance, as one of the pillars of the health system and responsible for financially protecting individuals in society against the risk of diseases, also requires an effective monitoring system. This research aims to examine the issues of supervision in health insurance and provide steps to achieve a monitoring and evaluation framework towards Intelligence supervision.
Methods: In this study, data were collected from qualitative interviews with health insurance experts and the analysis of secondary data. The proposed PAVA model in health insurance was designed and evaluated based on key indicators extracted from previous studies. Experts were selected using the snowball method until data saturation was reached, resulting in a total of 24 interviews. During the interviews, notes were taken, and the interviews were recorded and analyzed using Atlas.ti8 software. Based on the steps of PAVA and business intelligence, the steps to create the PAVA framework in health insurance were presented.
Results: The health insurance organization has various systems such as medical records, the Omid system, Didban system, eligibility assessment, business partner systems, and electronic prescription. Monitoring is conducted both in-person and remotely. Data analysis from the interviews revealed that monitoring in health insurance faces several challenges. These challenges include the need for data collection, aggregation, and cleansing, the need for data analysis, and the need for an integrated and interactive monitoring system. Specifically, issues such as the lack of comprehensive electronic data, the need for better access to data, and the need for more precise data analysis to identify fraud and misuse were identified.
Conclusion: The results of this study can be used by senior managers of health insurance organizations, managers and experts in the supervision departments, IT managers and experts, organizational knowledge managers, and knowledge workers of the organization, as well as the National Health Insurance Research Center. These findings help improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the supervision system, thereby enhancing the overall performance of the health insurance organization
Methods: In this study, data were collected from qualitative interviews with health insurance experts and the analysis of secondary data. The proposed PAVA model in health insurance was designed and evaluated based on key indicators extracted from previous studies. Experts were selected using the snowball method until data saturation was reached, resulting in a total of 24 interviews. During the interviews, notes were taken, and the interviews were recorded and analyzed using Atlas.ti8 software. Based on the steps of PAVA and business intelligence, the steps to create the PAVA framework in health insurance were presented.
Results: The health insurance organization has various systems such as medical records, the Omid system, Didban system, eligibility assessment, business partner systems, and electronic prescription. Monitoring is conducted both in-person and remotely. Data analysis from the interviews revealed that monitoring in health insurance faces several challenges. These challenges include the need for data collection, aggregation, and cleansing, the need for data analysis, and the need for an integrated and interactive monitoring system. Specifically, issues such as the lack of comprehensive electronic data, the need for better access to data, and the need for more precise data analysis to identify fraud and misuse were identified.
Conclusion: The results of this study can be used by senior managers of health insurance organizations, managers and experts in the supervision departments, IT managers and experts, organizational knowledge managers, and knowledge workers of the organization, as well as the National Health Insurance Research Center. These findings help improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the supervision system, thereby enhancing the overall performance of the health insurance organization
Rahim Radmehr, Yousef Mohammadi Moghadam, Marzieh Mohammadi, Hassan Soltani,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (9-2024)
Volume 7, Issue 2 (9-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: Electronic human resources management can be implemented in the organization with different intentions and goals. In other words, cost reduction, optimal use of human resources, and high ability to change and innovate can be examples of electronic human resource management goals. The current research was carried out with the aim of developing electronic human resource management scenarios in Iran's health insurance organization.
Methods: In terms of orientation, the current research is applied, which falls under the category of exploratory research, and its methodology is mixed. The statistical population includes academic experts and managers of health insurance organizations in Tehran province, 30 of them were selected as sample members using the purposeful sampling method and based on the principle of theoretical adequacy. In the qualitative part, research indicators were obtained through literature review and interviews with experts. In the quantitative part, a questionnaire was used in order to prioritize the indicators, and the consensus index, importance and dispersion of the coefficient of changes were used to compile the scenarios.
Results: The findings of this research are presented in two parts, qualitative and quantitative. The first part includes the identification of the key components of electronic human resources management, and 15 components are determined in this section, respectively, human resource architecture with an importance index (100) and consensus index (0.66) and structure and process modification with an importance index (95). and the consensus index (0.43) were identified as the two main components and the basis of electronic human resource management scenarios in Iran's health insurance organization. Also, the second part of the results shows that 1) Tsunami of change (indicating the possibility of modifying the structure and process and architecture of human resources), 2) Cloud without rain (refers to a situation where the organizational structure is efficient but human resources are ineffective), 3) Silent volcano It indicates a situation where the structure and resources of the organization are inefficient) and 4) the land in danger of drought (refers to a situation in which the structure of the organization is inefficient but the human resources of the organization are efficient), the scenarios of electronic human resource management in health insurance
Conclusion: The results showed that human resource architecture and structure and process modification are the most important drivers of electronic human resource management and the basis of electronic human resource management scenarios in Iran's health insurance organization. One of the most important solutions that can be used to improve and apply human resources architecture is job analysis and matching. Also, if necessary, the organizational structure should be modified to apply the necessary improvements in processes and decisions.
Methods: In terms of orientation, the current research is applied, which falls under the category of exploratory research, and its methodology is mixed. The statistical population includes academic experts and managers of health insurance organizations in Tehran province, 30 of them were selected as sample members using the purposeful sampling method and based on the principle of theoretical adequacy. In the qualitative part, research indicators were obtained through literature review and interviews with experts. In the quantitative part, a questionnaire was used in order to prioritize the indicators, and the consensus index, importance and dispersion of the coefficient of changes were used to compile the scenarios.
Results: The findings of this research are presented in two parts, qualitative and quantitative. The first part includes the identification of the key components of electronic human resources management, and 15 components are determined in this section, respectively, human resource architecture with an importance index (100) and consensus index (0.66) and structure and process modification with an importance index (95). and the consensus index (0.43) were identified as the two main components and the basis of electronic human resource management scenarios in Iran's health insurance organization. Also, the second part of the results shows that 1) Tsunami of change (indicating the possibility of modifying the structure and process and architecture of human resources), 2) Cloud without rain (refers to a situation where the organizational structure is efficient but human resources are ineffective), 3) Silent volcano It indicates a situation where the structure and resources of the organization are inefficient) and 4) the land in danger of drought (refers to a situation in which the structure of the organization is inefficient but the human resources of the organization are efficient), the scenarios of electronic human resource management in health insurance
Conclusion: The results showed that human resource architecture and structure and process modification are the most important drivers of electronic human resource management and the basis of electronic human resource management scenarios in Iran's health insurance organization. One of the most important solutions that can be used to improve and apply human resources architecture is job analysis and matching. Also, if necessary, the organizational structure should be modified to apply the necessary improvements in processes and decisions.
Masoumeh Faghfouriazar,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (12-2024)
Volume 7, Issue 3 (12-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: At the level of society, one of the important features of social prosperity is that a person has a high sense of health, security and happiness. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the health status of Iran compared to other MENA countries in the Legatum prosperity index.
Methods: The present research method was descriptive-comparative. The research population of this study was all the countries of the MENA region, including the Middle East and North Africa region. Health data were collected from the perspective of the Legatum prosperity index from 2013 to 2023 of the studied countries. One-sample parametric statistical test was used for data analysis and SPSS version 20 software.
Results: According to the results of the statistical test, the findings of the research indicated that according to the report of the Legatum Institute, a significant difference was observed between the health score of Iran and other MENA countries, and Iran's health score was significantly higher than the average score of the MENA countries.
Conclusion: The evaluation of Iran's health indicators based on international documents can be helpful in the field of health policies. In the field of health, Iran's situation is relatively favorable compared to the average of other MENA countries, but in other fields, it has to go a long way to reach a high level of well-being.
Methods: The present research method was descriptive-comparative. The research population of this study was all the countries of the MENA region, including the Middle East and North Africa region. Health data were collected from the perspective of the Legatum prosperity index from 2013 to 2023 of the studied countries. One-sample parametric statistical test was used for data analysis and SPSS version 20 software.
Results: According to the results of the statistical test, the findings of the research indicated that according to the report of the Legatum Institute, a significant difference was observed between the health score of Iran and other MENA countries, and Iran's health score was significantly higher than the average score of the MENA countries.
Conclusion: The evaluation of Iran's health indicators based on international documents can be helpful in the field of health policies. In the field of health, Iran's situation is relatively favorable compared to the average of other MENA countries, but in other fields, it has to go a long way to reach a high level of well-being.
Afrooz Khani, Mohammadbagher Tajeddin, Saied Maadani,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (12-2024)
Volume 7, Issue 3 (12-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: This present study aimed to investigate the quality of life for women with breast cancer in Tehran to provide the necessary background for understanding the subject in the context of social and economic conditions and context.
Methods: The current research is a qualitative study and the method used is grounded theory. The sampling method was purposive and judgmental, with in-depth interviews conducted with 18 women with breast cancer. Sampling continued until all categories were saturated and no new and important data were obtained.
Results: The most important strategies that were concluded in the present study are adaptation to the disease, appropriate education and information, and fighting the disease. In discussing the underlying conditions, important components such as: loss of social status, feeling of rejection and social isolation, and immersion in pain and suffering have been emphasized. Also, components such as lack of social and economic support, inefficiency and poor quality of medical and insurance services, and lack of physical and mental health are considered as causal conditions. According to the findings of the present study, two main categories of reduced self-confidence and self-reliance and impaired self-image have been proposed as intervening conditions. Completing the paradigmatic model chain of the present study based on the grounded theory method are the consequences, which have analyzed the quality of life in three major parts: reduced life satisfaction, feeling of social powerlessness, and lack of purpose and meaning in life.
Conclusion: Women with breast cancer experience poor quality of life due to factors such as lack of social and economic support, inefficiency and poor quality of medical and insurance services, and lack of mental and social health.
Methods: The current research is a qualitative study and the method used is grounded theory. The sampling method was purposive and judgmental, with in-depth interviews conducted with 18 women with breast cancer. Sampling continued until all categories were saturated and no new and important data were obtained.
Results: The most important strategies that were concluded in the present study are adaptation to the disease, appropriate education and information, and fighting the disease. In discussing the underlying conditions, important components such as: loss of social status, feeling of rejection and social isolation, and immersion in pain and suffering have been emphasized. Also, components such as lack of social and economic support, inefficiency and poor quality of medical and insurance services, and lack of physical and mental health are considered as causal conditions. According to the findings of the present study, two main categories of reduced self-confidence and self-reliance and impaired self-image have been proposed as intervening conditions. Completing the paradigmatic model chain of the present study based on the grounded theory method are the consequences, which have analyzed the quality of life in three major parts: reduced life satisfaction, feeling of social powerlessness, and lack of purpose and meaning in life.
Conclusion: Women with breast cancer experience poor quality of life due to factors such as lack of social and economic support, inefficiency and poor quality of medical and insurance services, and lack of mental and social health.
Shabnam Akhoundi Yazdi, Amin Janghorbani Poudeh, Ali Maleki,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (12-2024)
Volume 7, Issue 3 (12-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: Autism is classified as a developmental disorder and primarily disrupts social interactions and communication. This disorder has no definitive treatment, making early diagnosis crucial for mitigating its effects. The purpose of this study is to identify autistic individuals based on the recorded information of their walking pattern by Kinect sensor.
Methods: In this research, the machine learning method was employed to identify autistic individuals based on recorded joint position data during walking, recorded by the Kinect sensor. First, a group of statistical features was extracted from the Kinect data, which included joint positions and the angles between them. Then, the extracted features were evaluated using the statistical test of analysis of variance, and the optimal features were selected. Finally, classification was performed by decision tree classifier.
Results: In this research, the classification of healthy and autistic individuals was done by the decision tree classification and 42 optimal features selected based on statistical analysis, and the accuracy of classification was 85%. The sensitivity and specificity obtained in this classification are 88 and 82%, respectively.
Conclusion: According to the classification results, this research was able to achieve acceptable accuracy by using the low dimension feature vector obtained by statistical analysis. This research, shows autistic individuals can be classified from healthy people only by having the position of several joints. It is suggested researches in future, using this method for measurement the recovery rate or control autism in patient after performing treatment methods.
Methods: In this research, the machine learning method was employed to identify autistic individuals based on recorded joint position data during walking, recorded by the Kinect sensor. First, a group of statistical features was extracted from the Kinect data, which included joint positions and the angles between them. Then, the extracted features were evaluated using the statistical test of analysis of variance, and the optimal features were selected. Finally, classification was performed by decision tree classifier.
Results: In this research, the classification of healthy and autistic individuals was done by the decision tree classification and 42 optimal features selected based on statistical analysis, and the accuracy of classification was 85%. The sensitivity and specificity obtained in this classification are 88 and 82%, respectively.
Conclusion: According to the classification results, this research was able to achieve acceptable accuracy by using the low dimension feature vector obtained by statistical analysis. This research, shows autistic individuals can be classified from healthy people only by having the position of several joints. It is suggested researches in future, using this method for measurement the recovery rate or control autism in patient after performing treatment methods.
Behrouz Yari, Fatemeh Ahmadi, Mojtaba Moradpour, Rahmatollah Mohammadipour,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (12-2024)
Volume 7, Issue 3 (12-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: The financial management information system plays a vital role in the decision-making of managers of organizations. This system collects, organizes, and processes data and information related to the organization and provides them to managers in a usable form. Of course, these systems are in need of integration for optimal effectiveness.
Methods: In this study, a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) was used to collect data. In the qualitative part, after conducting interviews with 18 experts and analyzing the data obtained from the interviews, 19 components were identified and extracted. Then, in the quantitative part, a mixed method of fuzzy interpretive structural modeling was used for modeling. The data in this part was also collected with the help of a self-interaction matrix and then analyzed with the help of MATLAB software.
Results: After analyzing the data, a four-level model was obtained, in which the component of integrated updating of subsystems was the most effective component, and the eight components of speed of financial information circulation, reduction or elimination of financial and administrative bureaucracy, cost management, time and action management, advanced financial and management reporting, management of accounting procedures and processes, liquidity management, and financial modeling were the most effective components of the model.
Conclusion: The integration of financial management information systems in the health insurance organization depends largely on the integrated updating of its dependent subsystems. Subsystems such as: complete audit program, financial and operational system interactions, advanced financial accounting system, decision support system, ensuring data security, and financial data integrity.
Methods: In this study, a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) was used to collect data. In the qualitative part, after conducting interviews with 18 experts and analyzing the data obtained from the interviews, 19 components were identified and extracted. Then, in the quantitative part, a mixed method of fuzzy interpretive structural modeling was used for modeling. The data in this part was also collected with the help of a self-interaction matrix and then analyzed with the help of MATLAB software.
Results: After analyzing the data, a four-level model was obtained, in which the component of integrated updating of subsystems was the most effective component, and the eight components of speed of financial information circulation, reduction or elimination of financial and administrative bureaucracy, cost management, time and action management, advanced financial and management reporting, management of accounting procedures and processes, liquidity management, and financial modeling were the most effective components of the model.
Conclusion: The integration of financial management information systems in the health insurance organization depends largely on the integrated updating of its dependent subsystems. Subsystems such as: complete audit program, financial and operational system interactions, advanced financial accounting system, decision support system, ensuring data security, and financial data integrity.
Mojtaba Abed, Amirteymor Payandeh Najafabadi,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (12-2024)
Volume 7, Issue 3 (12-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: One of the most important pillars of improving healthcare services is the state of supplementary medical insurances, which increase people's access to healthcare. The accurate and scientific assessment of the risks of issuing a medical insurance policy is one of the most sensitive and important stages of risk assessment, and performing it leads to the identification of high-risk customers and the determination of the health insurance policy rate, in accordance with the customers' risk. Therefore, the present study aimed to classify and rate health insurance beneficiaries using a risk matrix approach.
Methods: In order to assess the risk of insured persons, a two-step model has been presented along with the risk assessment matrix approach, which can be used to classify the insureds into different risk classes. For this purpose, in the first step, the probability of claiming damages using logistic regression based on age, gender and geographical location risk factors are predicted and in the next step the severity of the damage is predicted using quantile regression.
Results: Finally a risk assessment model is presented with a risk matrix approach, which presents three risk class; critical (R_1), moderate (R_2) and acceptable (R_3) risk class.
Conclusion: Using the results of the risk matrix approach, insurance premiums have been determined for the insurance policies according to their risk class. This can help increase people's satisfaction, move towards justice, achieve fair insurance premiums, expand the security environment, and take a scientific look at the country's insurance industry.
Methods: In order to assess the risk of insured persons, a two-step model has been presented along with the risk assessment matrix approach, which can be used to classify the insureds into different risk classes. For this purpose, in the first step, the probability of claiming damages using logistic regression based on age, gender and geographical location risk factors are predicted and in the next step the severity of the damage is predicted using quantile regression.
Results: Finally a risk assessment model is presented with a risk matrix approach, which presents three risk class; critical (R_1), moderate (R_2) and acceptable (R_3) risk class.
Conclusion: Using the results of the risk matrix approach, insurance premiums have been determined for the insurance policies according to their risk class. This can help increase people's satisfaction, move towards justice, achieve fair insurance premiums, expand the security environment, and take a scientific look at the country's insurance industry.
Ali Tavoosian, Sana Ahmadi, Mehdi Rezaee,
Volume 7, Issue 4 (3-2025)
Volume 7, Issue 4 (3-2025)
Abstract
Introduction: Failure to remove a Double-J stent on time and its retention will result in many complications for the patient. In this study, we intend to examine two approaches to follow-up and follow-up of patients after urological surgeries, considering the importance of timely follow-up and removal of Double-J stents and the importance of patient follow-up.
Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at Ziaian Medical Center. A total of 573 patients underwent Double-J stent implantation over a period of 10 years and in two 5-year periods, of which 8 patients were eligible for the title of forgotten Double-J stent.
Results: During the 5-year period, the number of Double-J stent implantation cases at Ziaian Medical Center was 224, of which 7 cases were hospitalized due to failure to continue follow-up treatment and as a result, failure to remove the stent. Between 2019 and 2023, the number of Double-J stent implantations was 349, of which 3 patients were called for follow-up treatment and removal of the Double-J stent using a telephone follow-up system.
Conclusion: This study attempts to present the role of designing low-cost follow-up systems for continuing treatment and postoperative examinations in a transparent manner so that physicians and other medical staff realize the importance of providing and designing a coordinated, simplified, operational, and inexpensive system for coherent patient follow-up.
Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at Ziaian Medical Center. A total of 573 patients underwent Double-J stent implantation over a period of 10 years and in two 5-year periods, of which 8 patients were eligible for the title of forgotten Double-J stent.
Results: During the 5-year period, the number of Double-J stent implantation cases at Ziaian Medical Center was 224, of which 7 cases were hospitalized due to failure to continue follow-up treatment and as a result, failure to remove the stent. Between 2019 and 2023, the number of Double-J stent implantations was 349, of which 3 patients were called for follow-up treatment and removal of the Double-J stent using a telephone follow-up system.
Conclusion: This study attempts to present the role of designing low-cost follow-up systems for continuing treatment and postoperative examinations in a transparent manner so that physicians and other medical staff realize the importance of providing and designing a coordinated, simplified, operational, and inexpensive system for coherent patient follow-up.
Sirous Nik Eghbali, Mostafa Rajab, Bahar Hafezi,
Volume 7, Issue 4 (3-2025)
Volume 7, Issue 4 (3-2025)
Abstract
Introduction: Examining factors affecting health costs in the provinces can provide a new perspective for planners and experts in social and health economics. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the factors affecting health costs in Iran's provinces, especially (renewable energy and fossil fuels) and using spatial econometrics and calculating spatial spillovers in the provinces.
Methods: The factors affecting health costs in Iran's provinces, especially renewable energy and
non-renewable energy (fossil fuels), are investigated using spatial econometrics and calculation of spatial spillovers in 31 provinces of Iran in the period 2011-2022.
Results: The effect of renewable energy consumption on health costs is negative and significant, and the effects of fossil energy and CO2 emissions on health costs are positive and significant. Elasticity of consumption of renewable energy, fossil energy and CO2 emission are inelastic. The increase of renewable energies and the reduction of carbon emissions lead to the reduction of health costs in the provinces of Iran. Also, the spatial effect of the population over 65 years to the total population on health costs is positive and significant and is inelastic.
Conclusion: Reforming the energy price, encouraging the use of renewable energy, creating a culture to reform the energy consumption pattern are also other measures that can help reduce fossil energy consumption and, as a result, reduce CO2 emissions. Financial incentives should be considered for provinces and economic activities with high renewable energy consumption and low CO2 emissions, and taxes and fines for provinces with high CO2 emissions. For companies to act in order to reduce CO2 emission and reduce pollution.
Methods: The factors affecting health costs in Iran's provinces, especially renewable energy and
non-renewable energy (fossil fuels), are investigated using spatial econometrics and calculation of spatial spillovers in 31 provinces of Iran in the period 2011-2022.
Results: The effect of renewable energy consumption on health costs is negative and significant, and the effects of fossil energy and CO2 emissions on health costs are positive and significant. Elasticity of consumption of renewable energy, fossil energy and CO2 emission are inelastic. The increase of renewable energies and the reduction of carbon emissions lead to the reduction of health costs in the provinces of Iran. Also, the spatial effect of the population over 65 years to the total population on health costs is positive and significant and is inelastic.
Conclusion: Reforming the energy price, encouraging the use of renewable energy, creating a culture to reform the energy consumption pattern are also other measures that can help reduce fossil energy consumption and, as a result, reduce CO2 emissions. Financial incentives should be considered for provinces and economic activities with high renewable energy consumption and low CO2 emissions, and taxes and fines for provinces with high CO2 emissions. For companies to act in order to reduce CO2 emission and reduce pollution.
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- Iran Health Insurance Organization
- National Center for Health Insurance Research (NCHIR)
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- Scientific Publications Commission (Ministry of Science, Research and Technoligy)
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